The photo above is Emma Kane's NEW NO DIG ALLOTMENT in North Cadbury, Somerset, mid-April 2022. Just three weeks earlier, this plot had been a mass of weeds. She and her husband laid cardboard over the whole area and then compost on beds, and old wood chip on paths. The compost was mostly from a pile of really old wood chip.

Here is advice that may be applicable to your situation – take the bits which work for you. Every site is different, and every gardener has different needs, abilities and resources.

Clearing

Starting a new allotment with weeds is normal, and allotments can be big, too big for most people to dig over and clear in a weekend.

However, weeds can be cleared through mulching, and you can mulch any sized area quickly, with cardboard or polythene. The key point is to starve weeds of light.

Starting with perennial weeds

If your space is very overgrown, it could be mowed or scythed, and then covered with black polythene or old wool carpet. Cardboard can be used but will decompose before perennial weeds such as couch grass, docks, dandelions and buttercup are dead, so it would need renewing every 2 months or so, depending how thick it is. When used for clearing ground, cardboard is best weighed down with a few stones or poles around its edges.

Perennial weeds that are mulched take different lengths of time to die off, according to how much food and energy they have stored in their roots. The following lengths of time  give you an idea of how long it would take, in complete darkness: buttercup, 2-3 months; dandelions and stinging nettles, 4 months; ground elder, 12 months; couch grass, 9-15 months; bindweed and marestail, 18 months plus. These are approximate numbers – times can be less in summer and more in winter.

Starting with annual weeds

If you are faced with only annual weeds (bliss!), cardboard is still useful as the first layer of a weed-free mulch, with 7–10 cm/3–4 in compost on top, which can be sown or planted into straight away.

See also my video, with tips for clearing weeds without digging.For more information on dealing with weeds, see this webpage.

Making beds – compost

With clean soil, you can make beds of any size by simply putting compost or well rotted manure on top.

Which compost or manure? I can’t advise for every situation. Sometimes municipalities sell ‘green waste compost’, but sometimes not. There may be a local stables but you'd need to find a car (or tractor) and trailer to bring in enough manure, preferably dark and well rotted.

Organic farmers don’t usually sell manure – they need it all and value it too highly – and there have been problems with contaminated manure from horse manure. It has been realised, too late, that some animal dung contains herbicide from their diet of treated grass or hay. It's worth asking questions of your source like, 'Was the feed grass sprayed with aminopyralid herbicide?'. It is mostly horse manure that has this problem, because horse owners like clean hay.

For more information on compost, including making your own, see this webpage.

Making beds – sides

Beds with compost on are often bordered with wood of 15 cm/6 in width, but this is not obligatory. Enclosed beds are clearly defined and look neater, but their edges can dry out more in summer than unbordered beds where compost is allowed to spill slightly into pathways. The compost is not wasted because roots feed into paths and also use them as a moisture resource.

A further issue with wooden sides is that they tend to harbour slugs and woodlice, especially as they begin to age and decay. You can save money and trouble by not using them, but paths then need to be more weed-free, so that weeds don’t spread into beds.

Paths

These need to be weed-free, as much as the beds. I use cardboard to mulch paths for 6–9 months, enough time to kill most weeds. You then need to put more cardboard on top every 3 months, before weeds start growing through the older, decaying cardboard.

This process of mulching paths to clear weeds is easier if you remove any old wooden sides before starting.

For more information on dealing with weeds, see this webpage.

Path characteristics

1. They are permanent, in the same place every year.
2. Mulched soil in paths maintains structure, fertility and moisture, available to plant roots from the bed edges.
3. They are not just ‘ground to walk on’, but part of your growing space.

Path mulches

Think of mulches as feed for the soil, as well as for suppressing weed growth. When soil is undisturbed and its inhabitants are well fed, fewer weeds grow, so the two go together.

• This is one reason I don't recommend path mulches of membrane or polythene, which add nothing to soil fertility unless you lift them annually to spread an organic mulch.
• The other reason is soil pollution – read on.

Beware the tendency for mulches of any kind of plastic to disappear below surface level. It seems impossible at first sight for this to happen, but I frequently hear stories of  people taking on new allotments in the UK, then discovering synthetic carpet, plastic and membranes buried and out of sight. Once some soil, or compost and weeds, land on them, nature quickly colonises the surface. Such buried materials are impermeable, both to the roots of our plants and to larger organisms in the soil, and are therefore a general hindrance to growth. Plus they are a pollutant in the case of non-wool carpets, i.e. 99%+ of carpets available.

• Cardboard is not pollutant-free, but I have not observed problems to worms and plantings from using it just occasionally. In the case of path mulches, one to three layers of cardboard serves to kill most weeds, and this is only necessary in year one, if there are lots of weeds to clear.

I like to use woody mulches on paths, where practical. When beds have no sides, don’t overdo the depth of woody mulch, to prevent a lot of it ending up on your beds. A little is fine, more if the wood is half or more decomposed.

Timings – when to start planting

If your compost is soft and even, you can sow or plant straight away. Otherwise it works well to make beds a month before starting to sow or plant, so that a little weathering can happen, and perhaps a first flush of weeds can be hoed off or hand-weeded.

Is it your first time growing vegetables? If so, take a good look around at how neighbours are doing, and what crops are growing well. Be prepared for some failures until you have enough experience to appreciate what works for you.

Maintenance, easier than starting a new allotment with weeds

5–15 cm/2–6 in of compost is the one-off, initial application. Once a no dig system is up and running, with perennial weeds gone and only vegetables growing, the annual application of organic matter is no greater than that of any other well run garden, about 2.5 cm/1 in per year.

• Compost is for keeping soil alive and healthy, as well as for bringing nutrients.
• All the soil fauna and fungi that are not damaged by digging can become more abundant and help plants to grow more healthily.

Putting compost/composted manure on top serves to create, over time, a soil that is well structured but firm, free draining but also moisture retentive, and darker on top, with a superficial tilth that can be sown or planted into. This approach works well even for carrots and parsnips, crops that are supposed to fork when compost or manure has been added. Potatoes need loose compost or soil, but only near the surface for their tubers to swell, and 'earthing-up' with compost replicates this.

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It is a fair job to mulch and set up a clean, no dig plot, but by the end of a year you should find gardening becomes more enjoyable and creative, with less of the routine weeding, above all. Just do not allow any of the (smaller) number of weeds to go to seed!

Allan Cavill, South West Mentor of the National Allotment Association, says that no dig allotments stand out for their fewer weeds and healthy plants; he is surprised there is not more take up of no dig on allotments.Claire Lassman, a biologist from Frome in Somerset, wrote in June 2016 that, 'On the allotment site where I have a plot, it is easy to tell those who use no dig because the veg they grow is so vibrant.'

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Here are three stories of allotments that have been converted to no dig.

Bastiaan Koekkoek's allotment in South East London

Bastiaan had experience of growing veg on allotments in The Netherlands (where he is from) though did not know about no dig at that time, so every year he was digging up Frisian clay which was painstakingly heavy!

After discovering no dig on YouTube, he was determined to give it a go, and decided to make some changes to the allotment space he shared with his neighbour in London.

He started in September 2022, removing all the old structures, masses of weeds, and many slug/snail hiding places.

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He added a small greenhouse for the winter to grow salads in, and started creating the first no dig beds shortly after that, working his way from left to right on the plot. He ordered two pallets of mushroom compost which he used to help create the beds, and is lucky to have a steady supply of wood chips which he used to create the paths.

By early April 2023, Bastiaan had finished all the major groundworks and removed all the rubbish which had been left by other plot holders, and had started putting plants in the ground, including some overwintering cabbages, spinach and rocket.

He also built three big compost bins where he sieved any soil that was taken away to make the plot more level. He had a good supply left over (weed root-free) to use later in the year (if he decides to top the beds up with that, instead of the free green waste compost they get delivered). The other compost bins are full of horse manure, which reached a healthy temperature of 70°C/158°F, breaking down well.

Later in spring, he also planted broad beans, onions, salads, curly kale, cavolo nero, strawberries, carrots, fennel, beetroot and more, which all grew well. There was asparagus in the ground too, left over from before the 'renovations'.

By June 2023, Bastiaan and his neighbour had harvested salads, cavolo nero, kale, cabbages and lots more from the allotment. He said that the taste, quality and nutritional values were off the chart! Courgettes, sweet passion melon, tomatoes, aubergines and peppers were growing nicely in the greenhouse and there were some outside as well. They'd also started planting purple sprouting broccoli for next spring and were starting to harvest broad beans, which had grown amazingly well (some had black aphids but that was remedied by hosing them off).Photos from 17th June 2023, just nine months after starting work on the allotment – fantastic results.

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Robin Baxter's allotment, reclaimed and run without digging

Here are some pictures of Robin Baxter's no dig allotment in Ilkeston, Derbyshire, which he took over in a dire state, just after visiting Lower Farm in 2008. The images are testament to his commitment, and to the fact that he is no stranger to hard graft where it is needed, mostly at the beginning stages. The plot is now clean and fertile, and needs much less input of time – he grows a lot of delicious food there.

Robin is now Master Gardener for Garden Organic in Rye Prison near Coventry, running a hugely successful programme, helping prisoners through their involvement in creating a beautiful garden, on Ministry of Defence lack-of-soil! Robin's work is receiving much acclaim from university researchers.

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Steph Hafferty's allotment in Bruton, Somerset:

Steph no longer lives in Bruton, but this is the allotment she used to have there.Instead of digging in 2008/9, Steph spread green waste compost and some cow manure on beds that were already in place – just slightly raised soil with no wooden edges or borders of any kinds. Before that she had done a thorough weed, although many annual weeds would have been smothered by the three inch covering.The soil is heavy clay, and perennial weeds are endemic to the site – creeping tourmentil, couch grass and bindweed, but no marestail. Steph had got on top of the perennials during the two preceding seasons but was not harvesting a huge amount of vegetables, especially in autumn and winter.

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By this stage, Steph had fourteen slightly raised beds with narrow pathways between them. The green waste compost contained quite a few small bits of wood, and wasn't hugely rich in nutrients, but was free of weed seeds and served as an initial weed-suppressing and life-enhancing mulch. Worms could now get busy while fungi, bacteria, and all the vital organisms needed for healthy, fertile soil, could multiply.

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Then, in 2012, Alan did a sponsored bike ride and was absent a lot, so he suggested that Steph help out with his allotment. Her idea was to spread cow manure about two inches thick and weed any plants pushing through, with winter squash planted in June. However... the weather messed this up rather, as a combination of residual weeds and slugs and a lack of good weeding weather meant that harvests were small on Alan's plot, although good as usual on her own allotment, with few weeds.In 2013 and 2014, she mulched Alan's plot with polythene and composted manure, before planting squash, beans, potatoes and brassicas, with good results.On her plot she grew great garlic and onions, followed by some stunning autumn and winter brassicas including calabrese, Brussels sprouts and Savoy cabbage.